Evidence is sourced facts, statistics, data, or quoted experts the author uses to provide factual support for their claims and reasoning. His life was transformed yet again in August 1841, when the nations foremost abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, heard him speak at meetings in New Bedford and Nantucket, Massachusetts, and promptly offered him a position as a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. A counterclaim is just the opposite of a claim. Knowing that your mom could care less about the newest games, appeal to what she thinks is important - your grades. Above all, the Constitution must be interpreted in light of its commitment to secure the blessings of liberty for all. Moreover, the increasing incidence of despairing extremism among many abolitionists during this period was abetted by a series of portentous events. -his language is different, it proves hes educated, (b) How effective would it be for a modern audience? Note that the only factual claim on the topic is the claim of fact. (a) In what ways is Douglass's word choice suited to his audience? To the contrary, it was a hard-won achievement, and as such, it contains valuable lessons for all Americans and especially for those who, like the young Douglass himself, find themselves dispirited about their place and prospects in their country. In August 1845, two months after his book was published, Douglass fled to Great Britain, where his speeches won him international fame. Sometimes, an author breaks their overall claim, or thesis, into smaller claims called sub-claims. Pro-slavery whites pointed out that black people, when questioned, said they were happy with their situation. In what turned out to be Douglasss most prescient argument, slaverys demise would come about in the following sequence of events. I was a man now.[9]. How would you expect obdurate people to respond to advertisements? Latest answer posted August 20, 2009 at 11:51:14 PM. The one thing needful, then, was to elect an abolitionist governing majority at the federal level. If I told my mom that bit about the Internet access and the Honor Roll, you can bet she would make me prove it by showing it to her. [26] Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, in Frederick Douglass: Autobiographies, pp. Religion and intellectual inferiority were concepts that were used to manipulate the minds of everyone around into believing that practicing slavery was acceptable. . An effective argumentative essay will bring up counterclaims for two reasons: An effective counterclaim will both disagree with and disprove a claim. "What is Frederick Douglass's overall claim in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass? the debate over slavery? Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tigerlike fierceness" (page 28). A claim of fact (or a factual claim) is a claim arguing that something is or is not true. Douglasss suggestions in these remarks about the proper way to conceive of reparation for slavery nicely encapsulate his political thought in the postwar period and indeed throughout his entire career. This reassuring view is not, however, the prevailing opinion among postCivil Rights Era scholars and activists concerned with race relations. It had given me a view of my wretched condition, without the remedy. Rebecca Simon is an ELA and social studies Master Teacher. The counterclaim is just one of the four elements of an argument, which include: Claim - to assert facts that give rise to a legally enforceable right or judicial action. Now you turnthe opposing point of view, evidence, and analysis back to support your thesis statement. Latest answer posted September 30, 2016 at 3:50:30 PM. IV, p. 253. The persistence of Douglasss hopeful, energetic activism during that very difficult decade deserves further comment. He says of Sophia Auld, "Slavery proved as injurious to her as it did to me" (page 28). After giving your reason, if your mom is anything like mine, she'll probably say, 'So?' Douglasss postwar arguments were consistent with this position. 411, 414. The short essay, Slavery as a Mythologized Institution, explains how people in that time period justified the disgusting behavior that was demonstrated regularly. The function of a claim is to provide the author's argument. Note that every step of the argument is supported by credible evidence. Neither do we address you as enemies, (although the recipients of innumerable wrongs); but in the spirit of patriotic good will. It must be acknowledged that most of the Founders, with notable exceptions, were not racial integrationists; yet despite their particular doubts, racial integration is a legitimate inference from their principles, as Douglass forcefully argued. III, p. 274. As a result of entering slave-hood at an early age, he did not know his birthdate (like most slaves). [6] James Madison, Speech of June 6, 1787, in Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Vol. Components of an Argument: Reasons and Evidence, Essay Introduction: Write a Thesis and Capture Your Audience, Point of View: First, Second & Third Person, Logos, Ethos and Pathos: 3 Ways to Appeal to an Audience in Essays, Parts of An Argument: Claims, Counterclaims, Reasons, and Evidence, Writing Informative Texts: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.8.2, Writing Narratives: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.8.3, Writing Development, Organization & Style: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.8.4, Revising & Editing: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.8.5, Conducting Research: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.8.7, Finding & Citing Sources: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.8.8, Writing Practice: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.8.10, CLEP American Literature: Study Guide & Test Prep, CLEP College Composition: Study Guide & Test Prep, 12th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, Praxis English Language Arts: Content Knowledge (5038) Prep, College Composition for Teachers: Professional Development, Logical Argument: Definition, Parts & Examples, Understanding Whether Given Evidence Supports a Conclusion, Drawing Conclusions Based on Internal Validity, Verifiable Evidence, Reasoning, & Logical Arguments in Science, German Baroque Literature: Characteristics & Examples, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Yet, while Douglass narrative describes in vivid detail his experiences of life as a slave, what Douglass intends for his readers to grasp after reading his narrative is something much more profound. V, pp. Roy P. Basler (Cambridge, Mass. Up from Alienation: Douglasss Abolitionist Years, Speaking to the Garrisonian American Anti-Slavery Society in 1847, a youthful Douglass posed a poignant question and supplied a dispiriting answer. IV, p. 63. 42% of the inmates are black, although African-Americans only account for 12.5% of the U.S. population" (Walter). To remedy the degradation and impoverishment that proceeded from this culture of indolence, Douglass throughout the postwar years insistently extolled the property right and the virtues of free labor that supported it, and he called upon his fellow black Americans in particular to cultivate the self-reliant virtues of industry, productivity, and thrift. He cites literacy as a pathway to humanity and ultimately freedom, one which he ironically discovered when Mr. Auld made his feelings about black literacy known. When providing evidence to support reasoning, always make sure that the evidence comes from a credible source and that it is directly relevant to the reasoning. It is difficult to challenge the accuracy of the first hand account offered. Once again, that hopefulness was grounded primarily in his appreciation of the unique virtue of Americas beginning; first things are always interesting, he liked to say,[10] and most of all in the case of a new nation dedicated to universal principles of justice. In like manner, the election of Barack Obama as President might be viewed as the culminating, climactic event of the Civil Rights Era, signifying the advent of a post-racial America and vindicating once and for all the mainstream, integrationist tradition in AfricanAmerican political thought lately exemplified by King. As he renewed his labors for justice and progress for the freedpeople, Douglass had to confront a nettlesome question, lingering in the minds even of many anti-slavery whites, that had long obstructed the abolitionist cause. Your mom's counterclaim is that you don't need one. To be deprived of the vote in America, or in any democracy, he continued, is to suffer a double injustice. In your argument for a new cell phone, your mom stands on the other side. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? Addressing a womens rights convention in 1868, Douglass made the point simply and bluntly: If the elective franchise is not extended to the negro, he dieshe is exterminated.[39], Moreover, as the voting right was an imperative of justice, it was also, Douglass argued, a powerful agency for the cause of integration. And it is no less difficult to see how the propagation of the opinion that the American Founders ostensibly universal principles and ostensibly free institutions were meant to secure the oppression of people of color could fail to spread and to deepen that demoralizing sentiment. Every beating, every death, every malicious act was all recorded for the people of the U.S. to finally see the error of our ways. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Posted on June 22, 2022 by June 22, 2022 by [10] See, for example, Douglass, Speech at the Unveiling of the Freedmens Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, April 14, 1876, in The Frederick Douglass Papers: Series One, Vol. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, brings to light many of the social injustices that colored men, women, and children all were forced to endure throughout the nineteenth century under Southern slavery laws. Pick the best evidence to support the opposing point of view. Whereas Douglass from the outset called urgently and insistently for the Civil Wars prosecution as an abolition war, Lincoln saw in such a course of action only a self-destructive rashnessa premature radicalizing of the war, most likely to result in the disaffection of vital allies and, ultimately, the catastrophic failure of the Union cause. After Douglass escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literature and speeches. He never had a pair of shoes, no matter how cold it got ,and had only a single thin shift to wear, summer and winter. On one side, he rejected as plainly blasphemous the radical positivism expressed in the eminent Senator Henry Clays assertion that what the law makes property, is property.[42] At the other extreme, he judged it arrant nonsense to conflate the causes of abolitionism and socialism, as some abolitionists did in the belief that they could eradicate the desire for property in another human being only by eradicating the desire for private property of any kind. Get the Writing Style Posters FREE Resource: Grammar/Mechanics, Literacy Centers, Study Skills, Writing argument essay, argumentative essay, common core writing standards, counterargument sentence frames, Counterarguments, Counterclaim and Refutation Sentence Frames, counterclaim sentence frames, counterclaim transitions, Counterclaims, essay argument, essay strategies, Mark Pennington, Opposing Claims, rebut, Rebuttal, Refutation, refute, Teaching Essay Strategies, writing style, and receive a free welcome gift! They were statesmen, patriots and heroes. In his discerning view, however, the main source of their greatnessthe virtue that enabled them to be more than revolutionaries, the Founders of a great republicinhered not in their bravery but in their dedication to the eternal principles, the saving principles, set forth in the unique revolutionary document they dared to sign. A broad array of racially freighted social problems persists and even intensifies in the postCivil Rights Era, in the face of which the ideals of the civil rights cause cannot be said to have been fully realized. Douglass made these particular remarks in a speech at the dedication of an industrial education institution in the state of Virginia, but they represent an extension of his broader advocacy, in this period, of a federally established system of public schools. What I ask for the negro, he explained in 1865, is not benevolence, not pity, not sympathy, but simply justice.[48]. Some of his works are obvious and others are a bit harder to see. [11] Douglass, Speech at the American Anti-Slavery Society, May 11, 1847, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, Vol. In fact, weve already writtenour argumentative essays on whether Phoebe was a good friend to Sal. Of course the writing prompt is a bit more complex. But it was upon becoming the editor of his own paper that his mind truly quickened. On the other hand it will be found to contain principles and purposes, entirely hostile to the existence of slavery.[16], Building on the ingenious arguments of the 19th-century legal theorist Lysander Spooner, Douglass argued that the passages in the Constitutions text that admit of some ambiguity, such as the clauses commonly held to concern slavery, must be interpreted in light of the larger ends or objects of the Constitution as set forth in the Preamble. Visiting Scholar, 2016-17 Visiting Fellow in American Political Thought, Frederick Douglasss America: Race, Justice, and the Promise of the Founding, Presidents Day Reflections on George Washingtons American Character, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/wjclintonmemphis.htm, http://www.thurgoodmarshall.com/speeches/constitutional_speech.htm, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/doughome.html. 29 plumtrees road newtown, ct; popular subdivision names; how to cite the implicit association test Measuring him by the sentiment of his country, a sentiment he was bound as a statesman to consult, he was swift, zealous, radical, and determined. There are four types of argumentative claims: claims of fact, claims of value, claims of policy, and claims of cause and effect. For the audience? So, not only does the author work on proving their claim, but they work on disproving the counterclaim or opposition's argument. Douglas removed his residual doubts by diving into the Warm Lake and swimming across to the other shore and back. [34] Douglass, Let the Negro Alone, May 11, 1869, in Douglass Papers, Vol. The reasoning is the logic used to prove a claim. Power, Protest, and Change Test (blonde davis, Intro To Business Chapter Three (Part Two), The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Frederick Douglass went on to write books and give speeches in hope that one day all slaves would be free. He was appealing to the public to honor those victims claim for a slight measure of compensation in a fashion carefully tailored to their needs and to the deepest of the wrongs that they had suffered. It means light and liberty. Woe, woe! Why, or why not? Douglass states that "scorching irony, not convincing argument, is needed." work!!! What evidence does he use to support his claim?" It is very difficult to see how the forward- and upward-looking labor required to achieve the ends of justice for all and black elevation in America is to be sustained amid a spreading sentiment of alienation from America. I know of no country where the conditions for affecting great changes in the settled order of things, for the development of right ideas of liberty and humanity, are more favorable than here in these United States. Douglass also describes the way it corroded his soul to not know his birth date, to be told he couldn't learn to read after the wife of his Baltimore owner started to teach him, and to realize that slavery was a condition he would never grow out of. A rebuttal is when the author disproves an argument. Post author: Post published: junho 22, 2022 Post category: when would the undeposited funds feature not be necessary? II, pp. 19 Step-by-step answer 17.02.2022, solved by verified expert Bhaskar Singh Bora p PhD Mathematics, Physics. Key Arguments in "The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass", There are a number of key arguments in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The central or overall claim of an argumentative essay is also known as the thesis. Every year adds to his wealth and to his intelligence. Thousands of black Americans did just that. by | Jun 10, 2022 | flores para iglesia matrimonio | poway high school bell schedule 2021 | Jun 10, 2022 | flores para iglesia matrimonio | poway high school bell schedule 2021 That's your mom's counterclaim. The evils which are now crushing the Negro to earth have their root and sap, their force and mainspring, in this narrow spirit of race and color and the Negro has no more right to excuse or to foster it than men of any other race. He gives reasons for this claim and backs them up with evidence. [62] Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862, in Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, ed. This commitment not only appears in the Preamble, but also reflects a bedrock rule of legal interpretationa rule as old as law itself, Douglass observed, and grounded in the very nature of law, according to which a legal instrument must be construed strictly in favor of liberty and justice.[17], In Douglasss argument, these interpretive principles yielded powerfully anti-slavery results. IV, pp. He analyzes the story of his wifes cousins death to provide a symbol of outrage due to the unfairness of the murderers freedom. Likewise, it went hand-in-hand with his wariness of the moral hazards attendant on whites benevolence. Debate participants will often prepare counterclaims in order to have a rebuttal ready for their opponent. His speeches and writings supply a treasure of arguments against the perpetuation of racial injustice and, no less, against the demoralizing critiques of it according to which, absent a utopian transformation of Americas principles, institutions, and culture, white racism and an oppositional identity for blacks must be taken as permanent features of American society. Latest answer posted July 17, 2016 at 4:13:08 PM. Worst of all was Dred Scott, in which the nations highest court endorsed the pro-slavery, white-supremacist reading propagated by both the Constitutions Garrisonian enemies and slaverys most determined defenders. How would you like to be able to win any argument? A claim of cause and effect is a claim that one thing influences or affects another. Douglass wanted to show his opposition to slavery and knew he would meet many criticisms. The most telling, the most killing, refutation of slavery, he wrote to Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853, is the presentation of an industrious, enterprising, thrifty, and intelligent free black population. Ever confident in the power of virtue to dispel prejudice, Douglass affirmed in 1883 that the moral government of the universe is on our side. Some of the above points adapted from theHarvard Writing Center. Post comments: direct characterization of clarisse fahrenheit 451 direct characterization of clarisse fahrenheit 451 In an argument, your, 'My cell phone doesn't have Internet access,' would need to be beefed up a little, to, 'My current cell phone doesn't provide Internet access, which is necessary for me to complete all my homework.' The specific nature of slaverys worst wrongs, however, suggested a more definite approach. The standard format for an argumentative essay is as follows: An effective argument contains all of the necessary components (claim, reasons, evidence, counterclaims) while keeping the intended audience in mind. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,did the mistress's initial kindness or her eventual cruelty have a greater effect on Frederick Douglass? His first hand accounts of the cruel nature of slavery and the thought. What is the Function of a Claim in an Argument? For example, This view ignores the conclusive evidence that This position is mistaken because, 3. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. 380382. One is that slavery was an institution that corrupted whites and robbed (or attempted to rob) blacks of their humanity. After the hook, there is a transition statement (or statements) that connects the hook to the author's thesis. In these three stories, as well as in a sizable number of other articles, lectures, and letters, Douglass strongly advocated against slavery. https://www.facebook.com/groups/sorliteracyhub, Enter code 3716 for 10% Discount on all ELA and Reading Intervention Programs. His first hand accounts of the cruel nature of slavery and the thought processes of the various slave owners help to substantiate his assertion. 1. Here is where the author has a bit of discretion over how to organize their essay. II, p. 528 (emphasis in original). A counterclaim is the argument (or one of the arguments) opposing your thesis statement. Peter C. Myers is Professor of Political Science at the University of WisconsinEau Claire and the author of Frederick Douglass: Race and the Rebirth of American Liberalism. These displays of humanity would naturally arouse the sympathy of non-slaveholders, a few of whom at first, and more with the passage of time, would take up the cause of abolition. The federal government would find itself surrounded by a hostile spirit in the lately rebellious states, he warned, and the strength to counterbalance this spirit would be found in the negroes of the south.[40] Moreover, a policy of equal suffrage would have, over time, a more profound integrative effect in the healing of racial divisions. The proper remedy for these violations, as he conceived of it, was in accord with this conviction. 348349 (emphasis in original). 'Because I said so,' doesn't work, and 'Just because,' doesn't work - until you're a parent. He then begins to think getting his education could be his way to liberty and freedom and though he endeavors to learn much as he can, he starts to doubt whether he is correct or not. Most of the slaves were hungry because they were ill-fed, and they were expected to toil sun-up to sundown. TheEight Writing Process Essays(printables and 170 Google slides) each feature an on-demand diagnostic essay assessment, writing prompt with connected reading, brainstorming, graphic organizer, response, revision, and editing activities. Second, it indicates Douglasss reluctance to support more radical measures such as the plan for confiscation proposed in 1867 by Pennsylvania Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, leader of the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives. IV, p. 420. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? III, p. 218 (emphasis added). 4. What is the "mournful wail" that gives Douglass the topic for his speech? 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Masterplots II: African American Literature Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Analysis, Critical Edition of Young Adult Fiction Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Analysis, Critical Context (Masterplots II: African American Literature), Critical Context (Critical Edition of Young Adult Fiction), Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, Frederick Douglass. [38] What the Black Man Wants, in Douglass Papers, Vol. a) the regulation of business protected consumers. [5] For an indispensable rebuttal of this critique, see Thomas G. West, Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America (Lanham, Md. Passage of the bill would signify, he contended, at least a recognition of a great national duty towards a people to whom an immeasurable debt is due. V, p. 105. Although abolitionists including Douglass had assailed Lincoln for his seeming reluctance to strike at slavery, Douglass now conceded the superiority of Lincolns judgment: Had he put the abolition of slavery before the salvation of the Union, he would have inevitably driven from him a powerful class of the American people and rendered resistance to rebellion impossible. With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. Log in here. [21], Douglass believed that slavery was doomed, first and foremost, because he believed that the law of nature as epitomized in the Declaration was, at some deep level, not only true but known or felt to be true by all concerned in the conflict over slavery. To reaffirm the old integrationist faith in America, Myers turns to the renowned 19th century abolitionist and advocate of civil and political equality Frederick Douglass. If the claim is that the United States should ban capital punishment, an effective counterclaim would be that the United States should not ban capital punishment because capital punishment provides a sense of closure for the families of the victims of violent crimes. Human nature cannot honor one who is helpless, Douglass had observed long before, but it is bound to respect those who display a forceful, virtuous self-reliance. In all this talk of race, the motive may be good, but the method is bad. While conceding that these critics have a point, Peter C. Myers faults them for embracing a radical critique of America that rejects Americas founding principles as racist, abandons the goal of integration, and fosters alienation. 235236. 280 (1981), established criteria that supervisors must consider in determining an appropriate penalty to impose for an act of employee misconduct. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? Frederick Douglasss account on slavery could be seen as biased as a result of first hand experiences with being held as a slave. This deep, Lockean insight, which he shared, once again, with Americas Founders, moved Douglass to defend the natural right of property against errors and attacks from divergent positions. But in 1804 the North voted to abolish slavery but the South refused making states escape the union.Slavery in the South had an effect on the economy, but also on the slaves.Frederick Douglass, who was once a slave with his family in Maryland suffered greatly, but still pushed on and finally escaped and became a national leader of the abolition in the south movement.He made a narrative about his life as a slave and stated that the purpose of the narrative is to throw light on the American slave system.The goal of this paper is to discuss three aspects his narrative discusses that he throws light on, his position against the feelings of defenders of, The Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass is the story of Frederick Douglass life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north.